The increasing role of Indonesian women in soil science: Current & future challenges

Some of the women who were forced into such work opted to go abroad to countries such as Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. A rather unfortunate few have since become victims of torture, sexual abuse, murder, illegal detention, rape, sodomy, and other forms of sexual assault. Health-wise, as a consequence of becoming prostituted by human traffickers, some have contracted https://thedger.com.au/jollyromance-com-the-most-effective-dating-platform/ HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. In Indonesian culture, it is a social norm for husbands to financially provide for his wife and the whole family.

In contrast to the previous study, found that married women had a higher knowledge of HIV. The different results in this study might be due to different demographic characteristics such as educational background21 and media exposure. Furthermore, researchers argue that https://thegirlcanwrite.net/indonesian-women/ married women may have an opportunity to gain information from their partner such as responsible sexual behaviors that address risk factors for HIV exposure22. Women are a highly vulnerable population for HIV-infection, influenced by biological, cultural, social and economic factors1,5. The risk of HIV in women is estimated to be from 2 to 4 times greater than for male due to their reproductive and genital anaomic structures which facilitates HIV transmission with sexual intercourse7. Culturally, gender inequality, male dominance, and stigma exacerbate the Women vulnerability further increasing their vulnerability for HIV exposure8.

In 2012, 18% of national parliament representatives were held by women. Tri Rismaharini is one example of the rising numbers of female leaders throughout Indonesia. The ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary schools is also even as of 2013. More scholarships awarded by the Indonesian government were given to women, and resulted in higher achievement in their later life. In most major cities like Jakarta and Surabaya, educated female workforce tend to postpone marriage, and girls who finish secondary school are six times less likely to marry early. Their prior work has already had an impact, according to organizers. Since 2017, when KUPI issued fatwas on sexual violence, child marriage, and environmental degradation, the Indonesian government has legislated changes relating to two of the fatwas issued.

The author declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Explore Indonesia’s main purpose is branding Indonesia as a nation actively bridging its traditional & modern values with economic & socio-cultural impacts. This event aims, among others, to promote various Indonesian quality products, services, and trade-investment opportunities; build awareness of Indonesia as the best marine-tourism destination; and integrate Indonesian products into the every-day American lifestyle. There’s also an organization called the Asian Muslim Action Network that’s led by Ruby Kholifah, who was a recipient of the N-Peace Award, which is an award that celebrates those advocating for peace in the Asia-Pacific.

• Many conservative Muslim groups advocated the introduction of mandatory hijab rules in Indonesia, starting from conservative provinces like West Java, West Sumatra, and Aceh, using the regional autonomy drive in, post-Suharto Indonesia, to win political support for the measures.
• Article 297 prohibits trafficking in woman and boys, which carries a maximum sentence of six years imprisonment.
• He continued to pressure me to use a jilbab photo, writing via WhatsApp, but I declined.

Separated by nearly 70 miles of western South Pacific Ocean, these two women have never met—yet they live parallel lives. The 2012 IDHS obtained ethical permission from the National Institute of Health Research and Development, Indonesian Ministry of Health.

The challenge for effective gender mainstreaming, however, is the political will to translate the approach into well-resourced programmes from one province to another. In January 2021, at SMKN2 state high school in Padang, after a video on jilbab went viral and a school inspector visited, the school stopped pressuring Christian students to wear the mandatory jilbab and long-sleeve shirts. The video, uploaded on Facebook, was made by the father of a girl who attended the school. Human Rights Watch interviewed more than 100 women who have experienced abuse and often long-term consequences for refusing to wear the jilbab. Human Rights Watch collected the text of the regulations and included them as an annex to a 2021 report. South Sulawesi province authorities adopted the latest decree in August 2021. Nonetheless, the economy now seems to be improving (high GDP growth in 2012 as high as 6.2%) and some programs had been done by the government to help promote the health and welfare of women and children.

Indonesian Woman

With parental consent, girls may marry at age 16 and men may marry at age 19. Marriages under the legal age are void and there are penalties for knowingly entering into or authorizing child or early marriage. The prevailing Indonesian labor laws reflect anti-discrimination principles. Each employee shall have equal opportunity without discrimination to obtain work and shall be entitled to equal treatment from the employer without discrimination .

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Any limitations on these rights must be for a legitimate aim and applied in a non-arbitrary and nondiscriminatory manner. Nearly 150,000 schools in Indonesia’s 24 Muslim-majority provinces currently enforce mandatory jilbab rules, based on both local and national regulations. In some conservative Muslim areas such as Aceh and West Sumatra, even non-Muslim girls have also been forced to wear the jilbab.

Women

Which means part of the husband’s earnings is expected to be given to the wife and would in turn be managed by her for family spendings and savings. However, it is normal for women to pursue economic activities beyond the household. For example, the warung, a small scale family-owned store, is often run equally by men and women. In most parts of the country, Indonesian women traditionally enjoy a degree of socio-economic freedom. To support their family’s economy, Indonesian women are involved in economic activities outside of their households, http://shahraktoba.ir/2023/01/20/how-to-select-a-good-girl-for-marriage-the-most-helpful-tips/ although mostly informal small-scale business. It is common to find women-run businesses in traditional Indonesian marketplaces. Forty years of violence against women in Papua province was explored in a report published in 2011 by activists Fien Jarangga and Galuh Wandita.

In terms of today’s movers and shakers, they are walking in the footsteps of these historical figures. Before that, Suharto, ruled the country for almost 32 years and increased the inequality gap between men and women. The country has also been undergoing a process of democratization which has involved slowly decentralizing its power. This means that greater authority has been distributed to the 34 provincial governments outside of the capital of Jakarta. The hijab issue and women’s dress has prompted a global debate in Muslim-majority countries, http://otim.fct.unesp.br/latinfeels-review-in-2023-is-latin-feels-safe-legit-real/ such as Indonesia, as well as in countries where Muslims constitute a significant minority population. In 2000, my father and some of his followers were summoned by dozens of Islamic religious leaders to a meeting at the Ayong Linggarjati Hotel. The invitation was to have a dialogue, but there were a lot of accusations that my father had committed heresy.

Article 297 prohibits trafficking in woman and boys, which carries a maximum sentence of six years imprisonment. Article 299 imposes a four-year maximum sentence for abortion and provides for a one-third increase in sentencing for professionals (e.g., doctor, midwife) who perform abortions. These findings highlight inequality in infrastructure development to help people easily able to access information. Women with more formal education also had a higher HIV knowledge level. However, the majority of Indonesian women have completed less than a secondary level of education.